دنیای نانو

دنیای نانو

مروری جامع بر منابع زیستی، مکانیسم‌ها و چالش‌های سنتز سبز نانومواد

نوع مقاله : مروری

نویسنده
بخش نانوتکنولوژی، پژوهشگاه بیوتکنولوژی کشاورزی، سازمان تحقیقات، آموزش و ترویج کشاورزی، کرج، ایران
چکیده
سنتز سبز نانومواد به‌عنوان یک رویکرد پایدار، ایمن و کم‌هزینه، جایگزینی هوشمند برای روش‌های شیمیایی و فیزیکی سنتز نانوذرات محسوب می‌شود. برخلاف بسیاری از مقالات مروری که تنها بر یک دسته از منابع زیستی متمرکز هستند، این مقاله نخستین مرور یکپارچه‌ای ارائه می‌دهد که طیف کامل منابع زیستی — شامل میکروارگانیسم‌ها (باکتری‌ها، قارچ‌ها، جلبک‌ها و مخمرها)، عصاره‌های گیاهی، مولکول‌های زیستی خالص (مانند پروتئین‌ها، آمینواسیدها، کربوهیدرات‌ها و لیپیدها) و منابع حیوانی (مانند کیتوسان، عسل، ابریشم و تخم‌مرغ) — را تحت یک چارچوب تحلیلی واحد بررسی می‌کند. در این راستا، مکانیسم‌های درون‌سلولی و برون‌سلولی سنتز، نقش گروه‌های عاملی کلیدی (هیدروکسیل، کربوکسیل، آمین و تیول) و پارامترهای مؤثر بر کارایی فرآیند — از جمله pH، دما، غلظت عصاره، نوع نمک فلزی و زمان واکنش — به‌صورت جامع تبیین شده‌اند. این مرور همچنین تفاوت‌های ساختاری و عملکردی بین روش‌های مختلف سنتز را ارزیابی کرده و چالش‌های جدیِ پیش‌روی تجاری‌سازی — از جمله ناهمگونی اندازه و شکل نانوذرات، بازده پایین تبدیل یون‌های فلزی، وابستگی فصلی و جغرافیایی به منابع گیاهی و مصرف انرژی در برخی پروتکل‌های گرمایی — را به‌صورت انتقادی تحلیل می‌نماید. این مقاله نه‌تنها با اصول شیمی سبز همخوانی دارد، بلکه با ارائه یک نقشه راه جامع و استراتژیک، زمینه‌ساز توسعه فناوری‌های نانوزیستی آینده‌نگر و سازگار با محیط‌زیست در طیف گسترده‌ای از کاربردها می‌شود.
کلیدواژه‌ها
موضوعات

عنوان مقاله English

A Comprehensive Review on Biological Resources, Mechanisms, and Challenges in Green Synthesis of Nanomaterials

نویسنده English

Forough Ghasemi
Department of Nanotechnology, Agricultural Biotechnology Research Institute of Iran (ABRII), Agricultural Research, Education, and Extension Organization (AREEO), Karaj, Iran
چکیده English

Green synthesis of nanomaterials represents a sustainable, safe, and cost-effective alternative to conventional chemical and physical approaches for nanoparticle fabrication. In contrast to many existing review articles that focus exclusively on a single category of biological resources, this work presents the first truly integrated and comprehensive review that systematically examines the full spectrum of biological sources—encompassing microorganisms (bacteria, fungi, algae, and yeasts), plant extracts, purified biomolecules (including proteins, amino acids, carbohydrates, and lipids), and animal-derived materials (such as chitosan, honey, silk, and egg components)—within a unified analytical framework. The review thoroughly elucidates intracellular and extracellular synthesis mechanisms, the critical roles of key functional groups (e.g., hydroxyl, carboxyl, amine, and thiol), and the process parameters governing synthesis efficiency—including pH, temperature, extract concentration, type of metal salt, and reaction time. Furthermore, it critically evaluates structural and functional differences among various green synthesis strategies and addresses the major challenges hindering industrial-scale commercialization. These include nanoparticle size and morphology heterogeneity, low conversion yields of metal ions, seasonal and geographical dependencies on plant-based resources, and excessive energy consumption in certain thermal protocols. By aligning closely with the principles of green chemistry and offering a strategic, holistic roadmap, this review lays the groundwork for the development of next-generation, environmentally compatible nanobiotechnologies with broad applicability across diverse fields—without being restricted to any single application domain such as agriculture.

کلیدواژه‌ها English

Green synthesis
Nanomaterials
Biological resources
Microorganisms
Plant extracts
Nanobiotechnology
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دوره 21، شماره 81
زمستان 1404
صفحه 73-104

  • تاریخ دریافت 10 آذر 1404
  • تاریخ بازنگری 04 دی 1404
  • تاریخ پذیرش 27 اسفند 1405