دنیای نانو

دنیای نانو

واکسن‌های مبتنی بر فناوری نانو: پیشرفت‌ها، سازوکارها و چشم انداز آینده

نوع مقاله : مروری

نویسندگان
1 گروه شیمی، واحد سوادکوه، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، سوادکوه، ایران
2 گروه شیمی، واحد آیت الله آملی، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، آمل، ایران
چکیده
ورود فناوری نانو به حوزه ایمنی‌شناسی، زمینه‌ساز شکل‌گیری نسل جدیدی از واکسن‌ها شده است که با عنوان نانوواکسن شناخته می‌شوند. نانوذرات به‌دلیل خواصی مانند اندازه نانومتری، سطح ویژه بالا، اصلاح‌پذیری سطحی و توانایی عبور از موانع زیستی، امکان انتقال مؤثر آنتی‌ژن، تحریک هم‌زمان پاسخ ایمنی ذاتی و تطبیقی، و آزادسازی کنترل‌شده را فراهم می‌کنند. در این مقاله، نقش نانوذرات در واکسن‌سازی مورد بررسی قرار گرفته و انواع پرکاربرد آن‌ها نظیر نانوذرات لیپیدی، پلیمری، فلزی، معدنی، مغناطیسی، نانوژل‌ها، دندریمرها و ذرات شبه‌ویروسی از نظر ساختار، عملکرد و مزایا تحلیل شده‌اند. مزایای نانوواکسن‌ها شامل افزایش پایداری آنتی‌ژن، کاهش نیاز به دوز بالا، تجویز غیرتهاجمی و افزایش اثربخشی ایمنی است. با این حال، چالش‌هایی چون سمیت نانوذرات، پایداری پایین، تشکیل پوشش پروتئینی و محدودیت‌های ترجمه نتایج حیوانی به انسان، توسعه آن‌ها را پیچیده کرده است. واکسن‌های علیه کووید-۱۹ نمونه‌ای موفق از کاربرد نانوذرات در مقیاس جهانی هستند . آینده نانوواکسن‌ها به‌سمت واکسن‌های mRNA چندمنظوره، شخصی‌سازی‌شده و قابل تجویز از راه‌های غیرتهاجمی پیش می‌رود.
کلیدواژه‌ها
موضوعات

عنوان مقاله English

Nanotechnology-based vaccines: developments, mechanisms, and future prospects

نویسندگان English

Tahereh Navaie Diva 1
Fatemeh Zahra Rajabi 2
1 Department of Chemistry, Sava.C., Islamic Azad University, Savadkooh, Iran
2 Department of Chemistry, Am.C., Islamic Azad University, Amol, Iran
چکیده English

The integration of nanotechnology into immunology has paved the way for a new generation of vaccines known as nanovaccines. Due to their unique properties such as nanoscale size, high surface area, tunable surface chemistry, and ability to bypass physiological barriers nanoparticles enable effective antigen delivery, simultaneous activation of innate and adaptive immunity, and controlled release mechanisms. This article explores the role of nanoparticles in vaccine development and analyzes commonly used nanoparticle types including lipid-based, polymeric, metallic, inorganic, magnetic nanoparticles, nanogels, dendrimers, and virus-like particles in terms of their structure, function, and advantages. Nanovaccines offer notable benefits such as enhanced antigen stability, reduced dosage requirements, non-invasive administration, and improved immunogenic efficacy. However, challenges such as nanoparticle toxicity, limited stability, protein corona formation, and the difficulty of translating animal data to human applications complicate their development. COVID-19 vaccines exemplify the successful global deployment of nanotechnology in immunization. The future of nanovaccines is headed toward multifunctional, personalized mRNA platforms that support non-invasive administration routes.

کلیدواژه‌ها English

Nanovaccine
Nanoparticle
Nanocarrier
Antigen
Next-generation vaccines
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دوره 21، شماره 79
تابستان 1404
صفحه 93-76

  • تاریخ دریافت 01 مرداد 1404
  • تاریخ بازنگری 25 شهریور 1404
  • تاریخ پذیرش 03 مهر 1404