Lead-acid battery (LAB) has been widely used for many years due to its mature technology, abundant and available raw materials, low cost, high safety and high recycling efficiency. However, its irreversible sulfation has become one of the key issues for its further development and application. The lead-acid battery is developing and expanding by adding various types of carbon materials in the negative electrode, and it can effectively avoid the problem of irreversible sulfation of the negative electrode of the common lead-acid battery. Different carbon materials can prevent the enlargement of lead sulfate crystals due to the construction of conductive network, formation of porous structure and spatial effect. Therefore, research on the materials of various types of carbon additives has been strongly considered during the last two decades.
In this article, an attempt has been made to show the effect of different micro and nano carbon additives (carbon black, different carbon nanotubes, graphene nanoplates, active carbon, rice husk additive and carbon hybrid additive) in the negative electrode on the battery performance electrochemical tests.