A Review of Heat Transfer in Ternary Hybrid Nanofluids under Various Geometrical Conditions

Nanofluids, which are suspensions of nanoparticles (with dimensions of 1 to 100 nanometers) in base fluids, have significant potential for improving the physical and thermal properties of the fluid. In recent years, ternary hybrid nanofluids, formed by combining three different types of nanoparticles in a base fluid, have gained attention as a novel tool in heat transfer applications. Studies conducted on numerous sources indicate that the use of these ternary hybrid nanofluids offers significant advantages compared to hybrid and single-component nanofluids. Parameters such as heat transfer rate, viscosity, fluid stability, Nusselt number, heat transfer coefficient, energy storage efficiency, and heat transfer rate show higher values in ternary hybrid nanofluids. For instance, one study showed that at a 1% volume concentration of nanoparticles, heat transfer increased by 3.71%, 4.32%, and 5.41% for single, hybrid, and ternary hybrid nanofluids, respectively. Another study demonstrated a Nusselt number increase of 9.8%, 19.85%, and 44.04% for the aforementioned three types of nanofluids.