Viral-like particles and their application in nanobiotechnology

The technology of using natural nanocarriers has sparked hopes for transforming medical knowledge, particularly in the prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of diseases. Virus nanoparticles (VNPs) and their subset, virus-like particles (VLPs), are part of these structural units. VLPs can be either non-enveloped or enveloped and can be produced recombinantly after the expression of one or several viral structural proteins. Today, plant virus-like particles are recognized as new and important nanoparticles in various fields of science. The capsids of plant viruses are utilized as biological templates, drug carriers, and nanodevices across different disciplines. By discovering the external characteristics, genetic structure, spatial structure, replication methods, and assembly of viral coat proteins, it is possible to exploit them in various fields through manipulation of viral genomes and proteins. One of the most notable advantages of using plant virus nanoparticles is their minimal toxicity to humans and their specific effects. Some VLPs have entered clinical development, and a few have received approval and been commercialized. This review addresses the definition, classification, advantages, and disadvantages of VLPs and plant viruses before discussing some of their applications in the fields of medical science and biotechnology.